Evaluation of Aids and Hepatitis-B knowledge and job satisfaction among hairdressers and barbers in Turkey

Blood-borne viruses, includingthe human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus, have certain common epidemiological characteristics and these viruses infect millions of people worldwide. This study aimed to determine the job satisfaction and the level of knowledge and practices regarding infectious diseases of employees working as hairdressers and barbers.This descriptive and cross-sectional study comprised 1200 hairdressers and barbers. The study sample comprised 628 people who consented to participate in the study. The mean age of the participants who participated in the study was 28, 13 ± 6. 9 years. The mean job satisfaction score of the participants was 3.85 ± 0.58. The job satisfaction score was found to be higher among those with sufficient knowledge of hepatitis B (p < 0.005). Employees should be provided performance trainings to achieve job satisfaction. It is recommended that employees be encouraged to wear gloves and gowns to protect their health and prevent contamination.

Inmigración, diferencias culturales y accidentes de trabajo / Immigration, cultural differences and occupational Accidents

Aunque las tasas de accidentes laborales en los inmigrantes suelen ser más altas que las de los trabajadores nativos, se ha realizado poca investigación sobre este tema desde una perspectiva cultural. El objetivo de este estudio es doble. Primero, explorar las diferencias culturales entre el país de acogida, España en este caso, y los países de origen de los inmigrantes, en cuanto al idioma y la distancia cultural, y analizar si estas diferencias están asociadas con sus tasas de accidentes laborales. En segundo lugar, esperamos probar los efectos lineales, cuadráticos y de interacción de los valores culturales, evaluados según el modelo de Hofstede (2001), sobre los accidentes laborales según el sector económico (agricultura, industria, construcción y servicios). Se analizaron las tasas de accidentes de trabajadores inmigrantes de 38 países en España. Se estimó la distancia cultural entre países (países de origen y de acogida - España) y se usó el análisis de regresión para probar asociaciones lineales, curvilíneas y de interacción. Los resultados muestran que hablar un idioma diferente y ser culturalmente diferentes no influye en los accidentes en los inmigrantes, excepto en la agricultura, donde hablar un idioma diferente se asocia con menos accidentes. Los valores culturales nacionales (individualismo, distancia de poder, evitación de la incertidumbre, masculinidad y orientación a largo plazo) están relacionados con accidentes, ya sea linealmente (como la evitación de incertidumbre en la agricultura y la orientación a largo plazo en la industria, construcción y servicios) o cuadráticamente (como la distancia de poder y la evitación de la incertidumbre, en construcción y servicios), o se modulan entre sí (la distancia de poder modula el individualismo en la industria). Los valores culturales en sí mismos, en lugar del idioma o la distancia cultural entre países, son mejores predictores de la variación de los accidentes laborales en los inmigrantes. Se analizan las similitudes y diferencias entre los sectores económicos y se hacen propuestas para mejorar los programas de intervención para prevenir accidentes

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Catching Air: Risk and Embodied Ocean Health among Dominican Diver Fishermen.

This article explores the connections between bodily health and environmental health among diver fishermen in the Dominican Republic, and how these relationships are excluded from broader conversations about marine conservation at the national and global levels. As changing ocean environments refigure marine ecosystems, making fish scarce in the shallows, diver fishermen must dive deeper and stay longer in risky conditions, using a compressor to pump an unlimited supply of air to the diver below. As a result, decompression sickness (the bends) has become a pervasive injury and a way that coastal communities experience changing ocean health. The article analyzes injury narratives from divers who "caught air," the local term for the bends, arguing that decompression sickness is a symptom of failing ecologies and strained human relations with the sea, where environments at risk become embodied through parallel risky practices at sea.

Uso das técnicas de acupuntura para tratamento da dor lombar crônica não específica no Brasil: revisão integrativa da literatura / Use of acupuncture techniques for the treatment of chronic non-specific low back pain in Brazil: an integrative literature review

A acupuntura representa uma prática complementar de intervenção em saúde que aborda de modo integral e dinâmico o processo saúde-doença no ser humano, podendo ser usada isoladamente ou de forma integrada com outros recursos terapêuticos. Esta investigação consiste em uma revisão integrativa da literatura, realizada com o objetivo de analisar as evidências científicas acerca do uso de técnicas de acupuntura para o tratamento da lombalgia crônica não específica no Brasil. Para a elaboração da presente revisão integrativa, foram seguidas seis etapas: elaboração da questão norteadora; amostragem; extração dos dados dos estudos primários; avaliação dos estudos primários incluídos na revisão; análise e síntese dos resultados; apresentação da revisão integrativa. A busca nas bases de dados resultou, inicialmente, em 3552 estudos; desse total, nove (0,25%) estudos foram incluídos nesta revisão, atendendo aos critérios de inclusão. Um artigo foi publicado em 2006; um artigo foi publicado em 2015; um artigo foi publicado em 2016; dois artigos foram publicados em 2018 e quatro artigos foram publicados em 2020. Quanto ao tipo de população, um estudo foi realizado com idosos; um, com gestantes; um, com funcionários de uma cadeia pública feminina e seis estudos foram realizados com adultos entre 18 e 80 anos, todos portadores de lombalgia crônica não específica, no Brasil. Quanto ao nível de evidência, cinco estudos (56%) foram classificados no nível de evidências II por representarem estudos clínicos randomizados controlados e quatro estudos (44%) foram provenientes de ensaios clínicos não-randomizados, sendo classificados no nível de evidências III. Observou-se que a maioria dos estudos foram realizados utilizando a técnica de acupuntura sistêmica, seguida pela técnica de eletroacupuntura, acupuntura auricular e ventosaterapia. Os resultados de todos os estudos demonstraram a efetividade das técnicas de acupuntura para o tratamento da lombalgia crônica não específica, indicando melhora da intensidade da dor, da amplitude dos movimentos da região lombar e do quadro emocional geral do paciente, como diminuição de estresse e sintomas de ansiedade e depressão. Apesar da identificação da efetividade da acupuntura para o tratamento da lombalgia crônica não específica, considera-se fundamental a realização de um maior número de estudos clínicos baseados na utilização de protocolos rigorosos e internacionalmente reconhecidos para o uso destas práticas complementares, no intuito de comprovar a eficácia destes métodos de tratamento principalmente para o alívio da dor, na perspectiva da integralidade da saúde

Acupuncture represents a complementary practice of health intervention that comprehensively and dynamically addresses the health-disease process in humans, and can be used alone or in an integrated way with other therapeutic methods. This investigation consists of an integrative literature review, carried out with the aim of analyzing the scientific evidence about the use of acupuncture techniques for the treatment of chronic non-specific low back pain in Brazil. For the elaboration of this integrative review, six steps were followed: elaboration of the guiding question; sampling; extraction of data from primary studies; evaluation of the primary studies included in the review; analysis and synthesis of the results; presentation of the integrative review. The search in the databases resulted, initially, in 3552 studies; of this total, nine (0.25%) studies were included in this review, considering the inclusion criteria. One article was published in 2006; one article was published in 2015; one article was published in 2016; two articles were published in 2018 and four articles were published in 2020. As for the type of population, a study was carried out with the elderly; one, with pregnant women; one, with employees of a female public chain and six studies were carried out with adults between 18 and 80 years old, all with chronic non-specific low back pain, in Brazil. Related the level of evidence, five studies (56%) were classified at level of evidence II because they represented randomized controlled clinical trials and four studies (44%) came from non-randomized controlled clinical trials and were classified at level III of evidence. It was observed that most studies were carried out using the systemic acupuncture technique, followed by the electroacupuncture, auricular acupuncture technique and suction therapy. The results of all studies demonstrated the effectiveness of acupuncture techniques for the treatment of chronic non-specific low back pain, indicating improvement in pain intensity, range of motion in the lower back and the patient's general emotional condition, such as reduced stress and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Despite the identification of the effectiveness of acupuncture for the treatment of chronic non-specific low back pain, it is considered essential to carry out a greater number of clinical studies based on the use of rigorous and internationally recognized protocols for the use of these complementary practices, in order to prove the effectiveness of these treatment methods mainly for pain relief, from the perspective of comprehensive health

Racial Capitalism Within Public Health-How Occupational Settings Drive COVID-19 Disparities.

Epidemiology of the US coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak focuses on individuals' biology and behaviors, despite centrality of occupational environments in the viral spread. This demonstrates collusion between epidemiology and racial capitalism because it obscures structural influences, absolving industries of responsibility for worker safety. In an empirical example, we analyzed economic implications of race-based metrics widely used in occupational epidemiology. In the United States, White adults have better average lung function and worse hearing than Black adults. Impaired lung function and impaired hearing are both criteria for workers' compensation claims, which are ultimately paid by industry. Compensation for respiratory injury is determined using a race-specific algorithm. For hearing, there is no race adjustment. Selective use of race-specific algorithms for workers' compensation reduces industries' liability for worker health, illustrating racial capitalism operating within public health. Widespread and unexamined belief in inherent physiological inferiority of Black Americans perpetuates systems that limit industry payouts for workplace injuries. We see a parallel in the epidemiology of COVID-19 disparities. We tell stories of industries implicated in the outbreak and review how they exemplify racial capitalism. We call on public health professionals to critically evaluate who is served and neglected by data analysis and to center structural determinants of health in etiological evaluation.

The role of Mexican immigration to the United States in improved workplace safety for natives from 1980 to 2015.

Between 1980 and 2015, Mexican immigration to the United States and the share of Mexican immigrants in the labor force quintupled. We provide the first evidence examining whether this impacted one element of the work environment for native workers: workplace safety. To account for endogeneity and ensure that the change in Mexican immigration arose from supply shifts, we use 2SLS and instrumental variables. We show Mexican immigration over this period led natives to work in safer jobs; resulted in fewer workplace injuries for natives; and reduced WC benefit claims overall, which had a meaningful impact on employer costs for WC.

Working under conditions of social vulnerability: Depression among Latina/o immigrant horse workers.

OBJECTIVES: The American agricultural industry is heavily reliant on Latina/o workers, yet there is scant understanding regarding the mental health of this population. This gap in the literature is glaring as Latina/o farmworkers are a highly vulnerable group who experience high rates of occupational risks and health hazards. This study is the first, to our knowledge, to examine individual, social and work-related correlates of depression among Latina/o horse workers. METHOD: A community survey (N = 225) administered by lay health workers was implemented with Latina/o horse workers who were employed in thoroughbred horse farms in Kentucky. Study participants were on average 35 years old (9.6), largely male (85.8%), married (67.6%), dominant Spanish speakers (95.1%), born in Mexico (84.4%), made a modal average hourly wage of $10.24, and had spent an average of 14.5 years in the United States. Hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to examine the association between (a) individual and social factors and (b) work factors with depression. RESULTS: Women (ß = .13, p < .04), and those who reported higher job insecurity (ß = .23, p < .001) and number of days missed due to injury (ß = .20, p < .05) were more likely to report higher depressive symptoms. Work discrimination due to race/ethnicity (ß = .26, p < .001) was distinctly associated to depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Work-related discrimination was uniquely associated with depressive symptoms independent of the effects of occupational risks and stressors. This may be particularly salient in a rising anti-immigrant national context. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Discourse on culture in research on immigrant and migrant workers' health.

BACKGROUND: Health and safety researchers and practitioners have proposed that cultural differences help explain inequalities between foreign and native-born workers. While cultural explanations for inequalities have long been debated in other fields, there exists little critique of cultural discourses in occupational health. METHODS: This article examines and discusses the discourse on culture in 107 articles on immigrant or migrant workers' health published between 2011 and 2015. For each article, passages on culture were identified and analysed for both the context and the manner in which culture was discussed. RESULTS: The discourse on culture was found to be generally simplistic, individualistic, and uncritical, intentionally or unintentionally supporting the worldview that workers' "otherness" is both cause of inequalities and target for interventions. CONCLUSION: The article argues that empirical, theoretical and interdisciplinary work is needed to document the mechanisms and pathways that underlie health and safety inequalities by foreign-born status.

System Failure: Work Organization and Injury Outcomes among Latino Forest Workers.

OBJECTIVES: Forestry services is a hazardous industry with high job-related injury, illness, and fatality rates. The Northwest workforce is largely Spanish-speaking, Latino, and immigrant, working in poor conditions with insufficient attention paid to safety and health. Institutional racism fundamentally shapes the structural vulnerability of Latino immigrant workers. Given this context, we sought to understand how workplace organizational factors and safety climate affect job-related injuries in this industry. METHODS: We developed 23 case studies from personal interviews after selecting from an initial participant survey pool of 99 Latino forest workers in southern Oregon who had been injured at work in the previous 2 years. Workers were recruited through snowball sampling and door-to-door canvassing. Questions spanned work conditions, tasks, employer safety practices, injury experience, medical treatment, and workers' compensation benefits. RESULTS: Workers reported broken bones, chainsaw lacerations, back pain, heat and pesticide illnesses, and other occupational injuries. One-third of the cases fell into a Systems Functional category in which they reported their injuries to their supervisors and received medical treatment and workers' compensation benefits. The remaining two-thirds experienced System Failures with difficulties in receiving medical treatment and/or workers' compensation benefits, employer direction to not report, being fired, or seeking alternative home remedies. CONCLUSION: Workers employed by companies with more indicators of safety climate were more likely to obtain adequate treatment for their injuries and fully recover. Workers for whom interpretation at medical exams was provided by someone unaffiliated with their employers also reported better treatment and recovery outcomes.

Living Waste and the Labor of Toxic Health on American Factory Farms.

In the 1930s, erosion caused storms of dust to hurtle across the American Great Plains and Midwest. While agricultural conservation methods helped remediate this landscape, recent studies suggest the region is contending with a new type of particle cloud: desiccated fecal dust that renders the vitalities of factory farms airborne, potentially exposing those in their surrounds to various forms of illness while spreading antibiotic resistance genes. Thinking alongside these findings, and based on research within corporate hog farms, this article develops an ethnography of excrement by tracing the practices and knowledge of people who live and labor in proximity to late industrial lifeforms, such as confined pigs and resistance genes, and who are tasked with intimately shaping this unruly waste that has the potential to affect broader populations. In so doing, it analyzes the maintenance of American animals' toxic health alongside the politics of labor with complex anthropogenic materials.

Correlates and predictors of alcohol consumption and negative consequences of alcohol use among Latino migrant farmworkers in Nebraska.

Alcohol is a significant issue among the Latino farmworker population. This study used cross-sectional data from the Nebraska Migrant Farmworker Health Study, 2016 (N = 241) to (1) describe drinking behavior, (2) evaluate associations between alcohol consumption and negative consequences from alcohol use and various social and demographic variables, and (3) assess contextual and interpersonal predictors of alcohol consumption and negative consequences from alcohol use. Descriptive, bivariate statistics and hierarchical multiple regression were used. Results indicated that over 30% of participants had engaged in heavy drinking in the last year. Alcohol consumption was significantly positively associated with negative consequences of alcohol use and significantly negatively associated with work safety climate and age. Negative consequences from alcohol use was significantly negatively associated with work safety climate. Significant predictors of alcohol consumption included work safety climate and age. Being married or in a relationship, alcohol consumption, and work safety climate were significant predictors of negative consequences from alcohol use. This study highlights the potential positive spillover effect of work safety climate on worker drinking behaviors. Implications and recommendations for agricultural employers, farmworker health advocates, and social service agencies are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Inequities in exposure to occupational risk factors between Maori and non-Maori workers in Aotearoa New Zealand.

BACKGROUND: Health inequities between indigenous and non-indigenous people are well documented. However, the contribution of differential exposure to risk factors in the occupational environment remains unclear. This study assessed differences in the prevalence of self-reported exposure to disease risk factors, including dust and chemicals, physical factors and organisational factors, between Maori and non-Maori workers in New Zealand. METHODS: Potential participants were sampled from the New Zealand electoral rolls and invited to take part in a telephone interview, which included questions about current workplace exposures. Logistic regression, accounting for differences in age, socioeconomic status and occupational distribution between Maori and non-Maori, was used to assess differences in exposures. RESULTS: In total, 2344 Maori and 2710 non-Maori participants were included in the analyses. Maori had greater exposure to occupational risk factors than non-Maori. For dust and chemical exposures, the main differences related to Maori working in occupations where these exposures are more common. However, even within the same job, Maori were more likely to be exposed to physical factors such as heavy lifting and loud noise, and organisational factors such as carrying out repetitive tasks and working to tight deadlines compared with non-Maori. CONCLUSIONS: This is one of the first studies internationally to compare occupational risk factors between indigenous and non-indigenous people. These findings suggest that the contribution of the occupational environment to health inequities between Maori and non-Maori has been underestimated and that work tasks may be unequally distributed according to ethnicity.

Ethnicity, work-related stress and subjective reports of health by migrant workers: a multi-dimensional model.

OBJECTIVES: This study integrates different aspects of ethnicity and work-related stress dimensions (based on the Demands-Resources-Individual-Effects model, DRIVE [Mark, G. M., and A. P. Smith. 2008. "Stress Models: A Review and Suggested New Direction." In Occupational Health Psychology, edited by J. Houdmont and S. Leka, 111-144. Nottingham: Nottingham University Press]) and aims to test a multi-dimensional model that combines individual differences, ethnicity dimensions, work characteristics, and perceived job satisfaction/stress as independent variables in the prediction of subjectives reports of health by workers differing in ethnicity. DESIGN: A questionnaire consisting of the following sections was submitted to 900 workers in Southern Italy: for individual and cultural characteristics, coping strategies, personality behaviours, and acculturation strategies; for work characteristics, perceived job demands and job resources/rewards; for appraisals, perceived job stress/satisfaction and racial discrimination; for subjective reports of health, psychological disorders and general health. To test the reliability and construct validity of the extracted factors referred to all dimensions involved in the proposed model and logistic regression analyses to evaluate the main effects of the independent variables on the health outcomes were conducted. RESULTS: Principal component analysis (PCA) yielded seven factors for individual and cultural characteristics (emotional/relational coping, objective coping, Type A behaviour, negative affectivity, social inhibition, affirmation/maintenance culture, and search identity/adoption of the host culture); three factors for work characteristics (work demands, intrinsic/extrinsic rewards, and work resources); three factors for appraisals (perceived job satisfaction, perceived job stress, perceived racial discrimination) and three factors for subjective reports of health (interpersonal disorders, anxious-depressive disorders, and general health). Logistic regression analyses showed main effects of specific individual and cultural differences, work characteristics and perceived job satisfaction/stress on the risk of suffering health problems. CONCLUSION: The suggested model provides a strong framework that illustrates how psychosocial and individual variables can influence occupational health in multi-cultural workplaces.

Occupational Exposures and Health Outcomes Among Immigrants in the USA.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Immigrants experience higher rates of occupational injury and fatality than their native-born counterparts. This review summarizes the current data related to occupational/environmental exposures and explores potential reasons for the disparities. RECENT FINDINGS: Immigrant workers are employed in sectors that expose them to dangerous working conditions. They experience increased risk for exposure to heat, pesticides, hazardous chemicals, and cleaning agents, as well as physical hazards such as falls. Immigrant workers are at increased risk for occupational injury and fatality due to the nature of the work they traditionally perform, a lack of enforced safety regulations, and limited access to health care or worker's compensation benefits.

Assessment of Tribal Bison Worker Hazards Using Trusted Research Facilitators.

OBJECTIVES: Agriculture is one of the most hazardous industries in the United States. Within agriculture, livestock handling is particularly dangerous. While injury and fatality rates for bison handlers have not been reported, workers in many of the newly established tribal bison herds have limited safety training and animal handling experience, making this a vulnerable workforce. Veterinarians and herd managers, working with tribal bison herds, recognized the need for improvement in the working environment and for worker safety training. In response, partnerships were established and a pilot project was developed in order to characterize risks and hazards associated with bison handling under contemporary reservation field conditions. Individuals and organizations working as change agents included veterinarians at the University of Nebraska - Lincoln School of Veterinary Medicine, a tribal advocacy organization, the Intertribal Buffalo Council and researchers at the Central States Center for Agricultural Safety and Health at the University of Nebraska Medical Center. METHODS: This is a mixed-methods study and data were gathered through closed and open-ended questions pertaining to bison worker safety hazards. A veterinarian gathered data through observational safety audits at bison herding locations. American Indian bison herd managers completed surveys using a convenience sampling method. RESULTS: Findings indicate that the most common worker safety risks are associated with the use of high-stress handling methods and substandard facilities and equipment. Adverse environmental conditions also contribute to worker health risks. Most common causes of injuries included those caused by equipment and tools, adverse weather, and direct contact with animals. CONCLUSION: This collaborative research study contributes to a better understanding of hazards faced by tribal bison workers. Findings from this research influenced the ITBC in their decision to add worker safety and health training to the agenda of their yearly conference and promote tailgate trainings for their workers. UNL veterinarians have taken the lessons learned from this research and provided safety and health information to mangers of other non-tribal bison herds. This research partnership will continue with a 5-year research study focusing on best management practices and establishing training to improve the health and safety bison workers.

Safety behavior and work safety climate among landscaping and groundskeeping workers in North Carolina: A pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Each year, the average number of nonfatal occupational injuries among landscaping and groundskeeping workers are consistently above the total number of injuries for all other occupational injuries among worker in the U.S. From 2004 to 2007, fatalities among groundskeepers averaged 13.3 per 100,000 workers compared to an overall rate of 4.0 fatalities per 100,000 for all U.S. workers with the majority reported as either Hispanic or Latino. OBJECTIVE: The aims of this project were to describe the use of personal protective equipment and work safety climate among a sample of landscaping and groundskeeping workers employed by public universities in North Carolina (N = 67). METHODS: Data from a cross-sectional study was collected among workers using group- administered surveys. Statistical associations with work safety climate were tested between personal, work and safety behavior characteristics with work safety climate scores using one-way ANOVA. RESULTS: Nearly half of workers (49.3%) reported experiencing one or more work-related injuries or illnesses within the past 12 months. While work safety practices were perceived as being very important to management, only 56.7% reported having regular safety meetings. In bivariate analysis, work safety climate scores were significantly lower among those reporting race "other than white" (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study of its kind to evaluate work safety climate among landscaping and groundskeeping workers. Although self-reported safety practices were moderate, minority workers described their work safety climate as being poor. As a pilot study, these results suggest that employers of landscaping and groundskeeping workers could do more to improve safety climate within the organization with an emphasis on safety training for minority and underrepresented workers.

Comparative Analysis of Characteristics of Voice Use Amidst Clergy.

The development of "Care of the Professional Voice" as a subspecialty of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery has expanded the concept of professional voice users. Although sometimes uncompensated, the clergy represents a unique group of voice users who are required to perform at a professional level. Additionally, cultural norms create great diversity in terms of style of delivery and typical venues, adding to the interest in this subset of professional voice users. We surveyed 403 respondents and found certain factors predictive of voice problems for members of the clergy. Age, length of sermon, and ethnicity were all found to be statistically significant indicators. Further investigations are needed.

Super heroes and lucky duckies: Racialized stressors among teachers.

OBJECTIVES: This article explores the complex relationships between race and occupational stressors among an ethnically diverse sample of high school teachers and their implications for women's mental health. METHOD: Interviews with Black, White, and Mexican American teachers suggest that workplaces are organized by subtle forms of gender and racial discrimination as well as White racial privilege; this context shapes women's experiences of occupational stressors. RESULTS: The data indicate that teachers experience racially specific stressors at work and make racially specific appraisals about common stressors among all teachers. Black and Mexican American women report chronic strains, such as differential workloads, perceptions of incompetence, and lack of support from administrators, whereas White teachers report, yet minimize, sexual harassment from male colleagues. Student misbehavior, a stressor shared by all teachers, is experienced and understood as a personal failing by White teachers and as a manifestation of systemic racism by teachers of color. CONCLUSIONS: The interviews offer important insights into the ways professional workplaces remain an arena marked by racial inequality and White privilege and that racialized stressors are differentially distributed among women. Findings support claims from intersectionality in that race, racism, and racial privilege operate in multiplicative ways that create different constellations of occupational stressors among women, which in turn have implications for wellbeing. (PsycINFO Database Record

"The Only Thing I Wish I Could Change Is That They Treat Us Like People and Not Like Animals": Injury and Discrimination Among Latino Farmworkers.

OBJECTIVE: This article describes how perceived discrimination shapes the way Latino farmworkers encounter injuries and seek out treatment. METHODS: After 5 months of ethnographic fieldwork, 89 open-ended, semistructured interviews were analyzed. NVivo was used to code and qualitatively organize the interviews and field notes. Finally, codes, notes, and co-occurring dynamics were used to iteratively assess the data for major themes. RESULTS: The primary source of perceived discrimination was the "boss" or farm owner. Immigrant status was also a significant influence on how farmworkers perceived the discrimination. Specifically, the ability to speak English and length of stay in the United States were related to stronger perceptions of discrimination. Finally, farm owners compelled their Latino employees to work through their injuries without treatment. CONCLUSIONS: This ethnographic account brings attention to how discrimination and lack of worksite protections are implicated in farmworkers' injury experiences and suggests the need for policies that better safeguard vulnerable workers.

Hired farmworkers in the US: Demographics, work organisation, and services.

OBJECTIVE: Farm work is labor-intensive, physically demanding, and incurs a high risk of injury. The aim of this study was to identify characteristics of farmworkers at increased risk of adverse health outcomes to focus targeted interventions. METHODS: The National Agricultural Workers Survey for 2008-2012 was used to compare characteristics associated with adverse health and safety conditions among US-born and Mexican and Central American-born Latino and Indigenous, documented and undocumented farmworkers, separately for males and females. RESULTS: US-born farmworkers had more secure work, worked less onerous tasks, and earned more per hour than other categories of farmworkers. Undocumented Indigenous workers had more precarious work, worked more onerous tasks, and were more likely to do piece work, than undocumented Latino workers. DISCUSSION: We highlight disparities in modifiable occupational health risk factors across groups of farmworkers that are associated with increased risks of work-related injury and poor health. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:644-655, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.